What role do patients prefer in medical decision-making? - a population-based nationwide cross-sectional study

Micaela Gregório, Andreia Teixeira, Teresa Henriques, Rosália Páscoa, Sofia Baptista, Rosa Carvalho, Carlos Martins

Keywords: shared decision-making, family medicine, patient centredness

Background:
In theory, the consultation model has evolved from a paternalistic perspective towards the current approach of integrating patient preferences and values while engaging patients actively in their healthcare decisions.

Research questions:
To assess patients’ preferred roles in healthcare-related decision-making in a representative sample of the Portuguese population.

Method:
Design: Population-based nationwide cross-sectional study.
Setting and participants: A sample of Portuguese people 20 years or older were interviewed face-to-face using a questionnaire with the Problem-Solving Decision-Making scale.
Outcomes: The primary outcome was patients’ preferred role for each vignette of the problem-solving decision-making scale. Sociodemographic factors associated with the preferred roles were the secondary outcomes.

Results:
599 participants (20–99 years, 53.8% women) were interviewed. Three vignettes of the Problem-Solving Decision-Making scale were compared: morbidity, mortality and quality of life. Most patients preferred a passive role for both the problem-solving and decision-making components of the scale, particularly for the mortality vignette (66.1% in the analysis of the three vignettes), although comparatively more opted to share decision in the decision-making component. For the quality of life vignette, a higher percentage of patients wanted a shared role (44.3%) than with the other two vignettes. In the problem-solving component, preferences were significantly associated with area of residence (p<0.001) and educational level (p=0.013), while in the decision-making, component preferences were associated with age (p=0.020), educational level (p=0.015) and profession (p<0.001).

Conclusions:
In this representative sample of the Portuguese mainland population, most patients preferred a practitioner-controlling role for both the problem-solving and decision-making components. In a life-threatening situation, patients were more willing to let the doctor decide. In contrast, in a less serious situation, there is a greater willingness to participate in decision-making. We have found that shared decision-making is more acceptable to better-educated patients in the problem-solving component and to people who are younger, higher educated and employed, in the decision-making component.

Points for discussion:
Patients prefer a more passive role in medical-decision making

Empowerment of patients: still a long way to go

Qualitative research may have an important role in the interpretation of our results